PROFESSIONS OF MUDIRAJ / MUTHURAJ :
- Cane baskets and boxes of crude nature are manufactured by some Mutharacha families of Indukurpet of Nellore Talik in Andhra Pradesh.
- Temples were built by Mutharayar kings at Narthamalai : Located at a distance of 17 kilometres from Trichi, Narthamalai is an important place to visit due to its religious importance. The place is specially characterised by its unusual stone temple, which is circular in shape. This temple has six large skilfully carved statues of Vishnu in the central hall. Moreover there are some other cave temples of historical importance too. These are believed to have been built by the Muthariyars.
- Mutharaiyars were philanthropic chieftains: From the point of poetical and thematic value, the Naaladiyar occupies an enviable position, next to the Tirukkural. Though the poems are generally attributed to the authorship of erudite Jain ascetics, who flourished at the Dramila Sangha of Vajranandi (A.D. 450) in Madurai, some poems (200, 296) seem to be of later origin, since they eulogise the philanthropic chieftains, Mutharaiyars, the powerful feudatories reigning in and around Thanjavur under the sway of Pallava kings during 650 A.D. to 750 A.D.
- Mutharayar chieftains erected monuments : The tract north and south of river Vellar were in the hands of the Mutharayar chieftains who till their annihilation by the resurgent Chola line of Vijayalaya, were owing alternate allegiance to the super powers. The Irukkuvelirs, at the end became the firm allies of the Cholas.Thus, one cannot expect to find early Pallava monuments, antiquities and inscriptions in Pudukkottai region but only those of the contemporary Pandyas along with those of Mutharaiyars and Irukkuvelirs.
- Thurston writes: "Round about Devakotta in the Sivaganga zamindari there are fourteen nadus, representatives of which meet once a year at Kandadevi, to arrange for the annual festival at the temple dedicated to Swarnamurthi Swami." Each "nadu" is headed by an Ambalakaran (president of an assembly) and the Ambalakarans took upon themselves the power to adjudicate disputes that arose among the inhabitants in the "nadu", belonging to different castes. They used to hear complaints, hold inquiries and punish the offenders. They wielded considerable powers to intervene in any kind of transaction or transfer of property among the people. No land could be alienated from one man to another without the permission of the Ambalakkarans. They were known for awarding crude punishments and collecting oppressive taxes from the people.
- An extract from "Castes & Caste Observances amongst Tamils in Ceylon, Rev. James Cartman, OBE, M.A., B.D., M.Th. rom Hinduism in Ceylon, 1957"
(i) Ambalakarar - Cultivators
(ii) Muthiriyar - A Telugu caste, hunters and fishermen now employed on the estates.
- Muthuraja name of the community traditionally known as snake catchers. Live in the village name Paambati kalam of district Dindigal, Tamil Nadu, India. This village has the population of around 35 families comprising around 120 members including children.
- Moopanars are a subcaste of Muthuraja in Tamilnadu. Shri G.K. Moopanar, a renowned politician and follower of Kamaraj passed away on the 30th August, 2001, at Chennai at the age of 71 years.
Born at village Kabisthalam, Tamil Nadu, in August 1931, Shri Moopanar had his education at Papanasam, Tamil Nadu. An agriculturist by vocation, Shri Moopanar was associated with various social and welfare activities. He devoted his life for the uplift of poor and downtrodden and propagated national integration. The distinguished legislative career of Shri Moopanar began with the Membership of the House representing the State of Tamil Nadu, from July, 1977 to July, 1983 and again from July, 1983 to February, 1989. Thereafter, he was elected to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly in 1989 and remained there till 1991. Shri Moopanar again became the Member of this House from July, 1995 to September, 1997 and again from June, 1998 till he breathed his last.
He was a Congressman and staunch Gandhi family loyalist. Mr. G.K. Moopanar was the founder of died Tamil Maanila Congress (TMC) in 1996 to fight the AIADMK.
- Moopanars belong to one of the subcastes of Muthuraja in Tamilnadu as per Chola-Mutharayar Research Center, Tanjore. . Once upon a time, there was a queen by name Moopi. Her lineal descendents were known as Moopanars. There is a divya desam called Tiru Kavith Thalam under the trusteeship of the Moopanar clan. Long time back, they were poets, scholars and warriors. Hence this place was known as Kavi sthalam. Over a period of time, it got changed to Kapisthalam. They are richest Tanjore farmers now.
- Kohlis are related to kolis and kolis are related to Mudiraj. Kohlis of Thar desert in Rajastan are descendants of the hunting and gathering population once subsisted on Thar's abundant fauna, fruit and wild products such as honey. Although the only original inhabitants of Thar, the Kohlis are now the poorest and least established. They enjoyed a period of respect as soldier for the pre-British rulers, but now with the disappearance of game, are reduced to making the painful adjustment to herding and farming.
- In Theneripatti village of Tamilnadu, majority farmers are Udayars and Muthurajas.
- Muthrasi fishermen : The fishermen in this ( Pillaipalli ) village belong to the Muthrasi ( Mudiraj ) caste. They have a society of which men from all 12 muthrasi households are members. Almost all the fishermen in this village are marginal farmers or renters of land for subsistence rice production with their main income derived from their own and other household members’ agricultural labour. Some of the fish (approximately 25%) is sold within the village at the following prices: korra mattalu at Rs. 50, nalla cheap at Rs. 40, bocche at Rs.20 and ravvulu at Rs. 25 per kg. The bocche fish survives the best in the Musi tanks but also fetches the lowest price per kg. The trader after deducting the cost of the seed pays the remaining amount to the society of the fishermen. This amount is equally divided among the members. On average each member receives Rs. 1500 per harvest depending on how large the fish grow. It is not necessary that the fish is harvested every year. Sometimes the fish is harvested once in two years if the size is not big enough.
This is part of study on Household Food Security and Wastewater-dependent Livelihood Activities Along the Musi River in Andhra Pradesh, India
This study focuses on landless and smallholder households who use wastewater generated from the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad in the drought-prone semi-arid tropics of Andhra Pradesh state, India for various livelihood activities, and the ontribution of the wastewater to their food security.
- Cane baskets and boxes of crude nature are manufactured by some Mutharacha families of Indukurpet of Nellore Talik in Andhra Pradesh.
- Temples were built by Mutharayar kings at Narthamalai : Located at a distance of 17 kilometres from Trichi, Narthamalai is an important place to visit due to its religious importance. The place is specially characterised by its unusual stone temple, which is circular in shape. This temple has six large skilfully carved statues of Vishnu in the central hall. Moreover there are some other cave temples of historical importance too. These are believed to have been built by the Muthariyars.
- Mutharaiyars were philanthropic chieftains: From the point of poetical and thematic value, the Naaladiyar occupies an enviable position, next to the Tirukkural. Though the poems are generally attributed to the authorship of erudite Jain ascetics, who flourished at the Dramila Sangha of Vajranandi (A.D. 450) in Madurai, some poems (200, 296) seem to be of later origin, since they eulogise the philanthropic chieftains, Mutharaiyars, the powerful feudatories reigning in and around Thanjavur under the sway of Pallava kings during 650 A.D. to 750 A.D.
- Mutharayar chieftains erected monuments : The tract north and south of river Vellar were in the hands of the Mutharayar chieftains who till their annihilation by the resurgent Chola line of Vijayalaya, were owing alternate allegiance to the super powers. The Irukkuvelirs, at the end became the firm allies of the Cholas.Thus, one cannot expect to find early Pallava monuments, antiquities and inscriptions in Pudukkottai region but only those of the contemporary Pandyas along with those of Mutharaiyars and Irukkuvelirs.
- Thurston writes: "Round about Devakotta in the Sivaganga zamindari there are fourteen nadus, representatives of which meet once a year at Kandadevi, to arrange for the annual festival at the temple dedicated to Swarnamurthi Swami." Each "nadu" is headed by an Ambalakaran (president of an assembly) and the Ambalakarans took upon themselves the power to adjudicate disputes that arose among the inhabitants in the "nadu", belonging to different castes. They used to hear complaints, hold inquiries and punish the offenders. They wielded considerable powers to intervene in any kind of transaction or transfer of property among the people. No land could be alienated from one man to another without the permission of the Ambalakkarans. They were known for awarding crude punishments and collecting oppressive taxes from the people.
- An extract from "Castes & Caste Observances amongst Tamils in Ceylon, Rev. James Cartman, OBE, M.A., B.D., M.Th. rom Hinduism in Ceylon, 1957"
(i) Ambalakarar - Cultivators
(ii) Muthiriyar - A Telugu caste, hunters and fishermen now employed on the estates.
- Muthuraja name of the community traditionally known as snake catchers. Live in the village name Paambati kalam of district Dindigal, Tamil Nadu, India. This village has the population of around 35 families comprising around 120 members including children.
- Moopanars are a subcaste of Muthuraja in Tamilnadu. Shri G.K. Moopanar, a renowned politician and follower of Kamaraj passed away on the 30th August, 2001, at Chennai at the age of 71 years.
Born at village Kabisthalam, Tamil Nadu, in August 1931, Shri Moopanar had his education at Papanasam, Tamil Nadu. An agriculturist by vocation, Shri Moopanar was associated with various social and welfare activities. He devoted his life for the uplift of poor and downtrodden and propagated national integration. The distinguished legislative career of Shri Moopanar began with the Membership of the House representing the State of Tamil Nadu, from July, 1977 to July, 1983 and again from July, 1983 to February, 1989. Thereafter, he was elected to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly in 1989 and remained there till 1991. Shri Moopanar again became the Member of this House from July, 1995 to September, 1997 and again from June, 1998 till he breathed his last.
He was a Congressman and staunch Gandhi family loyalist. Mr. G.K. Moopanar was the founder of died Tamil Maanila Congress (TMC) in 1996 to fight the AIADMK.
- Moopanars belong to one of the subcastes of Muthuraja in Tamilnadu as per Chola-Mutharayar Research Center, Tanjore. . Once upon a time, there was a queen by name Moopi. Her lineal descendents were known as Moopanars. There is a divya desam called Tiru Kavith Thalam under the trusteeship of the Moopanar clan. Long time back, they were poets, scholars and warriors. Hence this place was known as Kavi sthalam. Over a period of time, it got changed to Kapisthalam. They are richest Tanjore farmers now.
- Kohlis are related to kolis and kolis are related to Mudiraj. Kohlis of Thar desert in Rajastan are descendants of the hunting and gathering population once subsisted on Thar's abundant fauna, fruit and wild products such as honey. Although the only original inhabitants of Thar, the Kohlis are now the poorest and least established. They enjoyed a period of respect as soldier for the pre-British rulers, but now with the disappearance of game, are reduced to making the painful adjustment to herding and farming.
- In Theneripatti village of Tamilnadu, majority farmers are Udayars and Muthurajas.
- Muthrasi fishermen : The fishermen in this ( Pillaipalli ) village belong to the Muthrasi ( Mudiraj ) caste. They have a society of which men from all 12 muthrasi households are members. Almost all the fishermen in this village are marginal farmers or renters of land for subsistence rice production with their main income derived from their own and other household members’ agricultural labour. Some of the fish (approximately 25%) is sold within the village at the following prices: korra mattalu at Rs. 50, nalla cheap at Rs. 40, bocche at Rs.20 and ravvulu at Rs. 25 per kg. The bocche fish survives the best in the Musi tanks but also fetches the lowest price per kg. The trader after deducting the cost of the seed pays the remaining amount to the society of the fishermen. This amount is equally divided among the members. On average each member receives Rs. 1500 per harvest depending on how large the fish grow. It is not necessary that the fish is harvested every year. Sometimes the fish is harvested once in two years if the size is not big enough.
This is part of study on Household Food Security and Wastewater-dependent Livelihood Activities Along the Musi River in Andhra Pradesh, India
This study focuses on landless and smallholder households who use wastewater generated from the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad in the drought-prone semi-arid tropics of Andhra Pradesh state, India for various livelihood activities, and the ontribution of the wastewater to their food security.
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